Regulatory Behavior Research Review

Regulatory Behavior Research Review People experience pride after an accomplishment, its experience can both encourage and discourage succeeding regulatory behavior. This conflicting influence can be accounted for by considering the information about the event that spawned the pride (i.e., appraisal information) and whether a self-regulatory goal is active. In the absence of a self-regulatory goal, appraisal information can be used to make positive assumptions about ones self-concept that reinforces further self-regulation. In the company of a self-regulatory goal, appraisal information concerning personal agency can be used to make positive inferences about a persons progress toward self-regulation that leads to indulgence. Pride is a positive self-conscious emotion that results from personal achievements. They investigated the matter by assessing how the experience of authentic pride effected regulatory behavior. They state that pride can be used to make inferences about ones self-concept or self-regulatory goal progress. Self-concept presumptions are a default response, whereas goal progress interpretations occur when a self-regulatory goal is active. Importantly, the extent of these inferences should depend on the nature of the appraisal information that led to the pride. Similarly, pride that is a consequence of personal agency should be more likely to achieve a goal progress inference than pride that is a aftereffect of another agency. The article is organized as follows, first provide an overview of appraisal-tendency theory. Next discuss the emotion-as-input perspective and its claim that the influence of emotions on behavior depends on  circumstantial factors. Then, the functionalist perspective of emotions to predict when pride will result in self-concept or goal progress will determine regulatory behavior. the type of inference that results from pride depends on the appraisal information that elicited the pride. And whether a self-regulatory goal is active or inactive. Finally, they look at the broader involvement framework for studying the effects of self-conscious emotions on behavior. Classic appraisal theories group discrete emotions based on differences, such as pleasantness, arousal, certainty, effort, agency, and novelty. The functionalist perspective builds on the appraisal-tendency. functionalist perspective assumes that emotions influence behavior as a function of a persons interaction to their environment. functionalist perspective explains how two different emotions can alter behavior, given the same response, and how two different response blueprint can change behavior, given the same emotion. through an appraisal theory lens of perspective, only appraisal information that changes the emotional experience from one emotion to another influence ensuing behavior. The researchers have come up with two supporting hypotheses (H1a, H1b) H1a H1a states in the absence of a self-regulatory goal, an experience of pride containing high effort (but not low effort) appraisal information will encourage inferences of self-discipline, inform the default response schema, and increase regulatory behavior. (SALERNO, A., LARAN, J., JANISZEWSKI, C. (2015). H1b In the presence of a self-regulatory goal, an experience of pride containing high effort appraisal. information will encourage inferences of goal progress, inform the goal-based response schema and decrease regulatory behavior. (SALERNO, A., LARAN, J., JANISZEWSKI, C. (2015). Consistent with the functionalist perspective, appraisal information will not influence all response schemata in the same way. It should be possible to employ appraisal information so the ramifications of this use are only observed when a certain response schema is available. In recognition to the default response consider appraisal information that arise. Method Participants and Design. A total of 182 undergraduate students (52% female, M age  =20.30) participated in exchange for course credit. Participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions in a (self-regulatory goal inactive vs. active) and (emotion: no-emotion, low effort pride, high-effort pride) between-subjects design. Procedure Participants were told that there were three studies in the session, unrelated and pooled together for convenience. The first study was intended to determine peoples verbal capabilities, but truthfully it was a lexical decision task that served as the goal manipulation. Participants were told to focus their attention on a fixation point on the computer screen that would be replaced by a letter string. They were told to press nine on the keyboard if the letter string was a word and one if it was not, and to respond as quickly as possible. After five practice trials, seven target trials varied by condition. Participants in the active self-regulatory goal condition were shown words regulate, health, persistence, willpower, strive, control, virtue; participants in the inactive self-regulatory goal condition were shown neutral words as computer, flower, refrigerator, notebook, picture, silk, next. Each participant saw the target words twice, along with five filler words, and 20 non-words. The trial order was random. The Study demonstrates that the influence of pride depends on appraisal information and self-regulatory goal activation. High-effort pride increased (decreased) regulatory behavior when a self-regulatory goal was not (was) active, but low effort pride did not have an influence on the amount of regulatory behavior. These effects occurred even though a pretest confirmed that low- and high-effort pride generated an equivalent level of pride. This shows us that the appraisal information that generated the pride informed inferences about the self-concept or goal progress. One issue I saw within the article was students were given class credit to participate in the study. Although it is not frowned upon. Many students could have knowledge of that they were looking for and manipulating responses and changing data. The adverse could also be said that participants didnt care about correct responses. If they made it through to the end to achieve their credit. In closing I do believe there is a significance to the field of psychology. Pride tends to be a necessary evil for many. We are raised to take pride in all we do, a prideful person can take their pride to far and it starts to border on arrogance. Further study to determine that level of pride or how much pride until it spills over to arrogance? Could it be that mass amounts of pride/ arrogance is just personal preception? (American Psychological Assoc.) References SALERNO, A., LARAN, J., JANISZEWSKI, C. (2015). Pride and Regulatory Behavior: The Influence of Appraisal Information and Self-Regulatory Goals. Journal Of Consumer Research, 42(3), 499-514. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucv037

French company Essay

In October, a French company (seller) and a Shanghai company (buyer) have set up a contract of selling 200 sets of electronic computers (1000 USD each), and the payment shall be made according to the irrecoverable letter of credit. And the delivery should be made on December at Port de Marseille. On November 15, Bank of China Shanghai Branch (issuing bank) made a $ 200,000 irrevocable letter of credit according to the instruction of the buyer and commissioned a French bank in Marseille to notify and negotiate this letter of credit. On December 20, the seller loaded the 200 computers on board and got the bill of lading, insurance policies, invoices and other documents as required by the letter of credit. And then it went to the Marseille bank for negotiation. Upon review, the documents are consistent; therefore the bank had paid $ 200,000 immediately to the seller. At the same time, 10 days the cargo ship left the harbor of Marseilles, the cargo, along with all the goods, sank into the sea in a heavy storm. By that time the issuing bank had received the whole set of the documents and the buyer had already known the total loss of the goods. Bank of China Shanghai Branch intends to reimburse the negotiating bank to pay the purchase price of $ 200,000 on the grounds that its customers can not expect the goods. In accordance with international trade practices, the following questions are asked: When would the risk of the consignment be transferred from the seller to the buyer ? Whether Issuing bank would exempted from the payment obligations due to the total loss of the goods, If so, on what basis? How to compensate the loss of the buyer? Case Study 1. The Risk shall be transferred from the seller to the buyer since the goods were loaded on board at the port of shipment. 2. The issuing bank has no right to refuse payment. According to the International Chamber of Commerce Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, the letter of credit transactions are independent from the sales contract. And the Bank is only responsible for document examination. As long as the documents are in line with the terms of the credit, the banks are required to assume its payment obligations. 3. The buyer could claim compensation from the Seller’s insurance company with other relevant insurance documents and proof of the sinkage of the cargo ship. I. Time context: * In October, a French company (seller) and a Shanghai company (buyer) have set up a contract of selling 200 sets of electronic computers (1000 USD each. And the delivery should be made on December at Port de Marseille. * This transaction is only made for 2 months consisting of its selling contracts and delivery. * On November 15, Bank of China Shanghai Branch (issuing bank) made a $ 200,000 irrevocable letter of credit according to the instruction of the buyer and commissioned a French bank in Marseille to notify and negotiate this letter of credit. * November 15 is the start of Bank of China Shanghai Branch issuing the Letter of Credit to the French bank. * On December 20, the seller loaded the 200 computers on board and got the bill of lading, insurance policies, invoices and other documents as required by the letter of credit. And then it went to the Marseille bank for negotiation. * December 20, start of complying all the requirements and documents needed in Letter of Credit. * At the same time, 10 days the cargo ship left the harbor of Marseilles, the cargo, along with all the goods, sank into the sea in a heavy storm. * This is the last event happened and the cargo didn’t delivered as what the buyer expects. II. Viewpoint: We should consider this problem from the viewpoint of the French company, they are liable for negligence because from the very start they didn’t ensured the possible factors may arise when delivering. They must always contemplate selecting a good transportation carrier, the weather conditions, customs clearance, reliability and etc. The French company must fix all this difficulties so that they can still maintain a good and harmonious relationship once the Shanghai Company made a second transaction with them, and must comply with the party’s agreement. III. Related Facts: * Irrevocable Letter Of Credit – ILOC Correspondence issued by a bank guaranteeing payment for goods and services purchased by the one requesting the letter. An irrevocable letter of credit, or ILOC, cannot be canceled or modified in any way without explicit consent by the affected parties involved. For example, the issuing bank has no power to change the terms of an ILOC simply because the letter requester is having second thoughts. It should be noted, however, that ILOCs are in effect only for a specified time period and do, in fact, expire at a pre-determined point. * Bill of Lading A legal document between the shipper of a particular good and the carrier detailing the type, quantity and destination of the good being carried. The bill of lading also serves as a receipt of shipment when the good is delivered to the predetermined destination. This document must accompany the shipped goods, no matter the form of transportation, and must be signed by an authorized representative from the carrier, shipper and receiver. * Insurance Policies A contract (policy) in which an individual or entity receives financial protection or reimbursement against losses from an insurance company. The company pools clients’ risks to make payments more affordable for the insured. * Invoice It is a detailed bill left by vendors and outside suppliers for goods or services rendered to a company. Typically, it lists the quantity of each item, prices, billable hours, a service description, and a contact address for payment. While some expenses may be paid out of a general fund or petty cash account, an invoice is usually paid through an payable department by the posted due date. * Letter of credit A letter from a bank guaranteeing that a buyer’s payment to a seller will be received on time and for the correct amount. In the event that the buyer is unable to make payment on the purchase, the bank will be required to cover the full or remaining amount of the purchase. * Issuing Bank A bank that writes a letter of credit, especially on behalf of an exporter. The issuing bank operates in the country of the importer, and facilitates trade between the importer and exporter by providing credit for the transaction. It is also called an opening bank. * Seller The seller or salesperson – the provider of the goods or services – completes a sale in response to an acquisition or to an appropriation or to a request. * Buyer A â€Å"buyer† or merchandiser is a person who purchases finished goods, typically for resale, for a firm, government, or organization. (A person who purchases material used to make goods is sometimes called a purchasing agent.) IV. Statement of the Problem: * When would the risk of the consignment be transferred from the seller to the buyer ? * Whether Issuing bank would exempted from the payment obligations due to the total loss of the goods, If so, on what basis? * How to compensate the loss of the buyer? V. General Objectives: 1. For the French company to cope with the problems arise during the delivery of the goods. 2. To identify French company’s acquired big loss and how they can replace the goods. VI. Specific objectives: 1. Both parties should know the consequences of their agreement once it is not delivered properly. 2. To identify and analyze well the mistake of French company. 3. The Shanghai bank must be capable of reimbursing the negotiating bank. VII. Alternative Causes of Action: Action no. 1: The buyer should’ve complied with the insurance company of the seller immediately after the event happened Give 3 advantages for action 1: 1. Risk Cover 2. Protection against rising goods expenses 3. Future helps Give 3 disadvantages: 1. Pay commission for the agent 2. You can only use insurance if you gain loss. 3. It costs money Action no. 2: The seller shall have alternative service delivery. Give 3 advantages for action 1: 1. To have a substitute method once the delivery didn’t work as it is. 2. To avoid wasting of time and reach the due time. 3. Greater security Give 3 disadvantages: 1. It will cost much for one party. 2. It will enable company to have more data to encode. 3. Lower profit. Action no. 3: Made used of LC instead of Irrevocable LC Give 3 advantages for action 1: 1. Can be canceled or modified in any way without explicit consent by the affected parties involved. 2. Guaranteed payment upon presentation of the documents specified in the terms of the letter of credit. 3. The buyer cannot refuse to pay due to a complaint about the goods. Give 3 disadvantages: 1. Subject to the financial strength and stability of the Issuing bank 2. More expensive than other methods of payment 3. Requires a high level of expertise to successfully navigate the process Findings: It is apparent from the case that the seller is the most problematic party of all because they hold the big loss on goods, at the same time they made the wrong choice of method for delivering goods which subjected to higher cost. Recommendation: The French company must improve their facilities so that when the calamity strikes again there is a high probability that they will carry through. And don’t forget to approach the shanghai company that the cargos will be arrived to them late. Continue to explore better ways of integrating technology into instruction on a daily basis, including providing training and support for the company. Conclusions: This paper has given an account of and the reasons for the agreement between French company and Shanghai Company to be deliberate. The seller must be liable for any damages happened within the incident while the buyer is secured by insurance company for what they lost, especially their money. No one was to blame for that scenario, each party just did what is supposed to do and it is only due by nature that’s why it is wrecked. Action plans: They must design and implement assessment and differentiated instructional strategies that enable the company to achieve competency and right decision-making. They must also focus on the second action: Made used of LC instead of Irrevocable LC because it is the most important, it carries the whole transaction and will make the agreement more clarified. S.M.A.R.T. (The company must possess this 5 skills) S = Specific: an objective should be precise and should focus on a single result. A specific objective answers the questions, â€Å"who, what, where, and how?† M = Measurable: an objective should include specific criteria or measures that indicate whether the objective has been met. A good measure answers the question, â€Å"How will we know if we have accomplished the objective?† A = Achievable: an objective should be attainable and within the center’s or program’s reach. R = Realistic: an objective should be realizable given the time, resources, and activities proposed and available. T = Time-bound: an objective should include the date it will be started and the date the center expects to complete it.

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy For Advanced Chronic...

Proposal Title: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: Impact on Patient Centered Outcomes Background In the United States, over 5 million patients have heart failure (HF) and approximately 20 million patients have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both conditions are linked by multiple risk factors including obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco abuse, and increasing age. The presence of HF increases the risk of CKD and vice versa. Nearly one third of all patients with HF and 70% of Medicare patients with HF have Stage III CKD or greater and approximately 50% of dialysis dependent end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients will develop HF. Patients with medication refractory HF and CKD and their†¦show more content†¦Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) emerged as an important treatment for HF patients with systolic dysfunction and a prolonged QRS duration. Although findings from landmark trials have led to widespread use of CRT in many patient cohorts, there has been considerable controversy surrounding its use in patients with advanced CKD because these patients are poorly represented in these trials. The few published studies exploring the use of CRT in advanced CKD have shown modest reduction in HF hospitalization or death, but those studies have been limited by their small size, retrospective nature, and lack of data on patient centered outcomes (e.g. functional status and quality of life). The lack of data regarding how CRT impacts outcomes among patients with advanced CKD is a major problem especially in light of the results of an unpublished analysis of the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) Implantable Cadioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Database (which captures data on most patients who receive a CRT-D device in the United States) demonstrating that 37% of patients receiving a CRT device had advanced CKD (defined as CKD Stage III-V). There are no prospective studies that have evaluated, or are in the process of evaluating, CRT in patients with advanced CKD. This issue is further compounded by the potentially higher risk of procedural complications in such patients. Physicians

Lance Lowry in the Criminal Justice System - 879 Words

Lance Lowry began his 20 year career in Texas’s criminal justice as a cadet in 1994 in South Texas’s Police Academy. He worked as a police officer in Alice, TX, a town of about 20,000 starting in 1995. In 2000, Lance left police work to become a TDCJ Correctional Officer. From 2000-2003, Lance worked as Correctional Officer in Ellis Unit in Huntsville, Texas and then transferred to Holliday Unit, also in Huntsville. From the Holliday Unit, Lance worked at James H. Byrd Unit (Huntsville), which was formerly the diagnostic intake unit for DR inmates prior to being transferred to Polunsky. It was at Byrd Unit that Lance was promoted to Sergeant. He went to the Gib Lewis Unit in Woodville, Texas and he was promoted to Lieutenant. After one or†¦show more content†¦In 2007, a group of criminal justice experts got together and agreed reform was needed, and the legislature joined the discussion. Lance says that lock up numbers had been ballooning since the 1980s. Lots of prison violence prompted the solitary lock-up of prisoners in the 1980s, mostly a result of how the prison system was run. Turnkeys were used in the early 1980s. These were inmates who were given authority to do the job of guards, enforcing prison rules. They were chosen based on their ability to get things done. They were brutal and violent, and they were the ones in charge of â€Å"correcting† prisoners who messed up. William Wayne Justice put an end to the use of turnkeys in the mid 1980s, but problems escalated when he did because there was no proper control to replace turnkeys. Guards on duty then had already learned to relinquish their power to inmates. These guards had no proper training on the use of force. They had no experience handling trouble in the prison themselves. With no one in charge, violent prison gangs emerged to â€Å"keep the peace,† exponentially increasing the problems of prison violence that the elimination of turnkeys had hoped to fix. I asked Lance what was the first essential step in controlling a prison population is developing a staff of professionals through adequate training. Violence in prison has to be detected and addressed immediately for officers to maintain control. Lance is very critical of TDCJ’s